Internetworking technology overview june 1999 pdf

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IRDP offers several advantages over other methods of discovering addresses of neighboring routers. Primarily, it does not require hosts to recognize routing protocols, nor does it require manual configuration by an administrator.

Router-Advertisement messages enable hosts to discover the existence of neighboring routers, but not which router is best to reach a particular destination.

If a host uses a poor first-hop router to reach a particular destination, it receives a Redirect message identifying a better choice. Among the services TCP provides are stream data transfer, reliability, efficient flow control, full-duplex operation, and multiplexing. With stream data transfer, TCP delivers an unstructured stream of bytes identified by sequence numbers.

This service benefits applications because they do not have to chop data into blocks before handing it off to TCP. TCP offers reliability by providing connection-oriented, end-to-end reliable packet delivery through an internetwork. It does this by sequencing bytes with a forwarding acknowledgment number that indicates to the destination the next byte the source expects to receive.

Bytes not acknowledged within a specified time period are retransmitted. The reliability mechanism of TCP allows devices to deal with lost, delayed, duplicate, or misread packets.

A time-out mechanism allows devices to detect lost packets and request retransmission. TCP offers efficient flow control, which means that, when sending acknowledgments back to the source, the receiving TCP process indicates the highest sequence number it can receive without overflowing its internal buffers.

Full-duplex operation means that TCP processes can both send and receive at the same time. A three-way handshake synchronizes both ends of a connection by allowing both sides to agree upon initial sequence numbers. This mechanism also guarantees that both sides are ready to transmit data and know that the other side is ready to transmit as well.

This is necessary so that packets are not transmitted or retransmitted during session establishment or after session termination. Then, the three-way handshake proceeds in the following manner: The first host Host A initiates a connection by sending a packet with the initial sequence number X and SYN bit set to indicate a connection request.

This technique is called forward acknowledgment. Data transfer then can begin. Positive Acknowledgment and Retransmission PAR A simple transport protocol might implement a reliability-and-flow-control technique where the source sends one packet, starts a timer, and waits for an acknowledgment before sending a new packet.

If the acknowledgment is not received before the timer expires, the source retransmits the packet. Such a technique is called positive acknowledgment and retransmission PAR. By assigning each packet a sequence number, PAR enables hosts to track lost or duplicate packets caused by network delays that result in premature retransmission.

The sequence numbers are sent back in the acknowledgments so that the acknowledgments can be tracked. PAR is an inefficient use of bandwidth, however, because a host must wait for an acknowledgment before sending a new packet, and only one packet can be sent at a time.

In TCP, the receiver specifies the current window size in every packet. Because TCP provides a byte-stream connection, window sizes are expressed in bytes.

This means that a window is the number of data bytes that the sender is allowed to send before waiting for an acknowledgment. Initial window sizes are indicated at connection setup, but might vary throughout the data transfer to provide flow control.

The sender then would place a window around the first five bytes and transmit them together. It would then wait for an acknowledgment. In the same packet, the receiver would indicate that its window size is 5. The sender then would move the sliding window five bytes to the right and transmit bytes 6 to In this packet, the receiver might indicate that its window size is 0 because, for example, its internal buffers are full.

At this point, the sender cannot send any more bytes until the receiver sends another packet with a window size greater than 0. Figure Twelve fields comprise a TCP packet. In the connection-establishment phase, this field also can be used to identify an initial sequence number to be used in an upcoming transmission.

UDP is basically an interface between IP and upper-layer processes. UDP protocol ports distinguish multiple applications running on a single device from one another. UDP is useful in situations where the reliability mechanisms of TCP are not necessary, such as in cases where a higher-layer protocol might provide error and flow control.

The UDP packet format contains four fields, as shown in Figure These include source and destination ports, length, and checksum fields. Figure A UDP packet consists of four fields.

A length field specifies the length of the UDP header and data. Checksum provides an optional integrity check on the UDP header and data. Related Papers. By Bao Doan. By Daniela Grejdanescu. By Ayan Shah. By avi savion. By Thulasi P. Download pdf. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Downstream speeds as low as 13 Mbps over lengths beyond feet m are also common.

Upstream rates in early models will be asymmetric, just like ADSL, at speeds from 1. At present the two high-speed channels are also separated in frequency. As needs arise for higher-speed upstream channels or symmetric rates, VDSL systems may need to use echo cancellation. Higher upstream and symmetric configurations may only be possible for very short lines.

To achieve error rates compatible with those of compressed video, VDSL will have to incorporate forward error correction FEC with sufficient interleaving to correct all errors created by impulsive noise events of some specified duration.

Interleaving introduces delay, on the order of 40 times the maximum length correctable impulse. Data in the downstream direction will be broadcast to every CPE on the premises or be transmitted to a logically separated hub that distributes data to addressed CPE based on cell or time-division multiplexing TDM within the data stream itself.

Upstream multiplexing is more difficult. TDMA may use a species of token control called cell grants passed in the downstream direction from the ONU modem, or contention, or both contention for unrecognized devices, cell grants for recognized devices.

Systems using active NTs transfer the upstream collection problem to a logically separated hub that would use typically Ethernet or ATM protocols for upstream multiplexing. Migration and inventory considerations dictate VDSL units that can operate at various preferably all speeds with automatic recognition of a newly connected device to a line or a change in speed. Passive network interfaces need to have hot insertion, where a new VDSL premises unit can be put on the line without interfering with the operation of other modems.

Channel Separation Early versions of VDSL will use frequency division multiplexing to separate downstream from upstream channels and both of them from basic telephone service and ISDN shown in Figure Echo cancellation may be required for later-generation systems featuring symmetric data rates.

A rather substantial distance, in frequency, will be maintained between the lowest data channel and basic telephone service to enable very simple and cost-effective basic telephone service splitters. Normal practice would locate the downstream channel above the upstream channel. The former reduces payload capacity but maintains nominal reach, whereas the latter retains the nominal payload but suffers a small reduction in reach.

Upstream Multiplexing If the premises VDSL unit comprises the network termination an active NT , then the means of multiplexing upstream cells or data channels from more than one CPE into a single upstream becomes the responsibility of the premises network. The VDSL unit simply presents raw data streams in both directions. As illustrated in Figure , one type of premises network involves a star connecting each CPE to a switching or multiplexing hub; such a hub could be integral to the premises VDSL unit.

A passive NT does not conceptually preclude multiple CPE per VDSL, but then the question of active versus passive NT becomes a matter of ownership, not a matter of wiring topology and multiplexing strategies. Now the upstream channels for each CPE must share a common wire. Although a collision-detection system could be used, the desire for guaranteed bandwidth indicates one of two solutions.

The first invokes a cell-grant protocol in which downstream frames generated at the ONU or farther up the network contain a few bits that grant access to specific CPE during a specified period subsequent to receiving a frame. A granted CPE can send one upstream cell during this period. The transmitter in the CPE must turn on, send a preamble to condition the ONU receiver, send the cell, and then turn itself off.

The protocol must insert enough silence to let line ringing clear. One construction of this protocol uses 77 octet intervals to transmit a single octet cell. Figure This figure shows examples of termination methods in passive and active networks. This method has the advantage of avoiding any MAC with its associated overhead although a multiplexor must be built into the ONU , but either restricts the data rate available to any one CPE or imposes a dynamic inverse multiplexing scheme that lets one CPE send more than its share for a period.

The latter would look a great deal like a MAC protocol, but without the loss of bandwidth associated with carrier detect and clear for each cell. One large unknown is the maximum distance that VDSL can reliably realize for a given data rate.

This is unknown because real line characteristics at the frequencies required for VDSL are speculative, and items such as short bridged taps or unterminated extension lines in homes, which have no effect on telephony, ISDN, or ADSL, may have very detrimental affects on VDSL in certain configurations. Furthermore, VDSL invades the frequency ranges of amateur radio, and every above-ground telephone wire is an antenna that both radiates and attracts energy in amateur radio bands.

Balancing low signal levels to prevent emissions that interfere with amateur radio with higher signals needed to combat interference by amateur radio could be the dominant factor in determining line reach.