Saraca virus symptoms

Nonvaccinated people are encouraged to test right away and then again in five to seven days. In the wake of omicron, however, some experts are recommending a shorter window of three to five days. While current guidance recommends 10 days from symptom onset, some epidemiologists say this time period should be cut in half—at least for vaccinated people.

For now, more research is needed, but a shorter incubation period creates new public-health challenges in the fight against COVID, in part because a faster-moving virus is harder to track and trace. AWS Deloitte Genpact. Events Innovation Festival. Instead, scientists will need to sort out how Omicron may have shifted the odds of some symptoms compared to others.

For example, loss of smell or taste — called "anosmia" and "ageusia," respectively, by doctors — emerged early during the pandemic as a telltale sign of COVID However, estimates of how many cases actually result in the symptom have ranged widely over the course of the pandemic and between different parts of the world.

In November, one study estimated that as many as 1. Night sweats, another symptom cited by a doctor at a media briefing in South Africa early in the country's Omicron wave, has been touted by tabloids as "a telltale sign which only happens at night that could mean you have been hit by the Omicron variant. Since June, monthly government surveys in the U.

A new round of survey data for December, when the Omicron variant began to drive a record spike in cases there, is scheduled to be released later this month. New clues could also come from ongoing studies investigating Omicron's effects on animals and tissue samples challenged with the virus in labs, which can control for factors like immunity or underlying conditions that might muddy data on the variant's effects in humans.

Anthony Fauci, the president's chief medical adviser, told reporters last week. Fauci pointed to some preprints, which have not yet completed peer review, studying the virus in mice and hamsters that found signs that Omicron may spread poorly compared to Delta in the lungs. This results in a high degree of morbidity and disturbed daily life of the patient. Corticosteroids have not been able to fully control the incidence because of its limitations and risk of side effects.

Many patients and practitioners are seeking alternative approach to provide an effective cure in the treatment of arthritis and to overcome the serious drawbacks such as gastrointestinal bleeding on treatment with corticosteroids.

Hence, there is an urgent need to find safer drugs for the management of rheumatoid arthritis which is linked to inflammation of joints [ 1 ]. Many herbal formulations in the form of a single drug or compound drugs have been used for the treatment of joint pain, fever, and inflammation since ancient times as per the Indian system of Ayurvedic medicine. Saraca asoca has been traditionally used in the Indian system from time immemorial for the treatment of uterine, genital, and other reproductive disorders in women, ailments of urogenital tract, fever, pain, and so forth.

Its properties have been mentioned in the ancient Ayurvedic text Charak Samhita under the Vedanasthapan analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory category [ 2 — 5 ]. The legumes of Saraca asoca are 6—10 inches long containing 4—8 grey dicotyledonous seeds like a chest nut.

The seed coating is brown or slightly black in colour while sun-dried seeds are dark brown coloured having a smooth surface with hard texture. The stem bark part of this plant contains tannin, catechol, sterol, organic calcium compounds, essential oil, haematoxylin, a ketosterol, a crystalline glycosidal constituent, saponin, organic iron compound, leucocyanidin, and quercetin. The pharmacological activities of stem bark are uterogenic, antibacterial, oxytocic, antitumour, anticancer, and antiprogestational.

This lectin has been found to be mitogenic for human lymphocytes, and this mitogenic activity could be inhibited in presence of fetuin. The scientific pharmacological evaluation of the analgesic, antipyretic, and acute anti-inflammatory activities of the acetone extract of seeds of Saraca asoca has given significant and positive results during animal experimentation [ 8 ].

Therefore, its antiarthritic pharmacological action was evaluated on animals following the adjuvant test to find out its chronic anti-inflammatory effect which could validate the possible usage of these seeds as an effective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory antiarthritic drug having the property of antioxidant, immune modulator, analgesic, and so forth. All other chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade. The macroscopic and microscopic examination of the seeds were done for the purpose of standardization.

The seeds were washed and cleaned thoroughly to remove any extraneous matter and kept initially under sunlight covered with fine net for 5 hours. They were dried under shade for 10 days taking all precautions to prevent them from any contamination and other foreign matters.

The acetone extract was concentrated under vacuum in a rotary evaporator to yield semisolid mass. The various important physiochemical parameters such as pH value, extractive values, moisture content, ash values, total flavonoid and phenol content, seed oil properties, and fluorescence of the powdered seeds were estimated using standard methods. The presence of important phytochemical constituents such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins was assessed using standard techniques [ 11 , 12 ].

The animals were kept in standard polypropylene cages and provided with food standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. These animals were acclimatized for a period of 14 days prior to performing any experiments. All experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee [ 13 ].

Acute toxicity study was carried out on healthy Swiss albino mice following OECD guideline [ 14 ]. The animals of both sexes were selected by random sampling technique and divided into 5 groups of 3 animals each.

Long-term supervision was continued for a period of 14 days for observing any occurrence of toxic symptoms and mortality [ 15 ]. Hematological and biochemical monitoring were carried out and blood level of the compound was checked to ensure its absorption.

The animals were maintained at the maximum tolerated dose for a period of two to three weeks to allow development of any pathological changes, killed thereafter, and subjected to full pathological and histological examination. The purpose of this test was to determine the maximum tolerated dose and to ascertain the nature of toxic reactions, so that suitable chronic toxicity studies can be designed to fully evaluate the toxic potential of the compound.

The clinical symptoms of each animal in terms of behavioral patterns detailed in the acute toxicity section mentioned above were also observed in all groups [ 15 , 16 ].

FCA-induced arthritis model in rats is suggested as the most suitable model of chronic and subchronic inflammation. Rat adjuvant arthritis is an experimental model of polyarthritis which has been widely used for preclinical testing of numerous antiarthritic agents which are either under preclinical or clinical investigation or are currently used as therapeutics in this disease [ 17 — 19 ].

Arthritis was induced by a single subplanter injection of 0. The swelling in hind paw oedema and paw ankle joint of left foot was periodically examined using screw gauge [ 20 ]. The arthritic effect and other clinical symptoms were observed in all the animals up to 28 days. Therefore, the dose of indomethacin was lowered and after several rounds of trial, the dose of 2.

The following parameters were evaluated in this study up to 21 days. The diameter of left paw and left ankle joint was measured in mm on 0, 2nd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 14th, 18th, and 21st days by using screw gauge and the body weight of animals was measured by digital balance. The mean changes in weight and diameter of paw oedema and ankle joint as well as their percentage inhibition with respect to control group were calculated on the 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day, respectively.

The rats were anaesthetized under light ether anaesthesia and blood was collected by retroorbital puncture for estimation of serum parameters such as Hb, RBC, WBC, ESR, and prostaglandin E 2 EIA Kit—Monoclonal Cayman Chemical Item number by using various diagnostic kits on the 14th day and 21st day which were compared with the data obtained from untreated rats before injection of adjuvant to the rats. This procedure is used to assess the urinary excretion of connective tissue metabolites such as hydroxyproline and glucosamine during the antiarthritic analysis of the test drug.

Hydroxyproline is produced by hydroxylation of the amino acid proline by the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase following protein synthesis as a posttranslational modification. The enzyme catalysed reaction takes place in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Hydroxyproline is a major component of the protein collagen. Glucosamine C 6 H 13 NO 5 is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids.

Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other arthropods, cell walls in fungi, and many higher organisms.

Glucosamine is one of the most abundant naturally occurring amino monosaccharides that has been used to treat or prevent osteoarthritis in humans. The effect of adjuvant-induced arthritis on the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and glucosamine was investigated in rats on the 2nd, 14th, and 21st days of the treatment after the injection of CFA. The rats were kept overnight in metabolic cages on the 14th and 21st days to collect urine samples for the estimation of hydroxyproline and glucosamine.

The radiographic examination of animals of all groups was done using dental X-ray plate in the probe diagnostic laboratory, Kolkata, by performing X-ray images of left and right paws on 28th day to assess swelling or other changes in the cartilages or destruction and irregular margin of the bone and cartilage in the paws. This test is done to find out the degree of chronic inflammation which has occurred in the affected parts.

All the animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment on the 28th day. These sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and mounted on the slide permanently for histopathological observation to ascertain the presence of dense inflammatory infiltrate in the joints, arthritis with destruction of cartilage, pannus formation, and so forth under microscope Dewinter, Italy.

Since use of NSAIDs on long-term basis has been known to be associated with toxicity, this experiment was done to assess the pharmacological effect or any toxicity of the prescribed drugs upon the stomach, liver, and kidney of the rats in all groups after the end of the experiment.

These samples were then impregnated with 2 changes of molten paraffin wax, embedded, and blocked out. Stained sections of control and treated rats were examined for alterations in the architecture, portal triads, hepatocytes, and sinusoids and for the presence of degeneration, necrosis, fatty change, and portal fibrosis.

Older adults and people who have severe underlying medical conditions like heart or lung disease or diabetes seem to be at higher risk for developing more serious complications from COVID illness. If someone is showing any of these signs, seek emergency medical care immediately:.

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